Fluid 2.1.1
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The default Bootstrap grid system utilizes 12 columns, making for a 940px wide container without responsive features enabled. With the responsive CSS file added, the grid adapts to be 724px and 1170px wide depending on your viewport. Below 767px viewports, the columns become fluid and stack vertically.
The fluid grid system uses percents instead of pixels for column widths. It has the same responsive capabilities as our fixed grid system, ensuring proper proportions for key screen resolutions and devices.
Nesting with fluid grids is a bit different: the number of nested columns should not match the parent's number of columns. Instead, each level of nested columns are reset because each row takes up 100% of the parent column.
OpenFOAM is the free, open source CFD software developed primarily by OpenCFD Ltd since 2004. It has a large user base across most areas of engineering and science, from both commercial and academic organisations. OpenFOAM has an extensive range of features to solve anything from complex fluid flows involving chemical reactions, turbulence and heat transfer, to acoustics, solid mechanics and electromagnetics. More...
Neonates contain more water then adults: 75-80% water with proportionately more extracellular fluid (ECF) then adults. At birth, the amount of interstitial fluid is proportionally three times larger than in an adult. By the age of 12 months, this has decreased to 60% which is the adult value.
The water in the body is contained within the numerous organs and tissues of the body. These innumerable fluids can be lumped together into larger collections which can be discussed in a physiologically meaningful way. These collections are referred to as \"compartments\"\". The major division is into Intracellular Fluid (ICF: about 23 liters) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF: about 19 liters) based on which side of the cell membrane the fluid lies. Typical values for the size of the fluid compartments are listed in the table.
A similar argument applies to the Extracellular Fluid. The ECF is divided into several smaller compartments (eg plasma, Interstitial fluid, fluid of bone and dense connective tissue and transcellular fluid). These compartments are distinguished by different locations and different kinetic characteristics. The ECF compositional similarity is in some ways, the opposite of that for the ICF (ie low in potassium & magnesium and high in sodium and chloride).
The fluid of bone & dense connective tissue is significant because it contains about 15% of the total body water. This fluid is mobilised only very slowly and this lessens its importance when considering the effects of acute fluid interventions.
Transcellular fluid is a small compartment that represents all those body fluids which are formed from the transport activities of cells. It is contained within epithelial lined spaces. It includes CSF, GIT fluids, bladder urine, aqueous humour and joint fluid. It is important because of the specialised functions involved. The fluid fluxes involved with GIT fluids can be quite significant. The electrolyte composition of the various transcellular fluids are quite dissimilar and typical values or ranges for some of these fluids are listed in the Table.
The total body water is divided into compartments and useful physiological insight and some measure of clinical predictability can be gained from this approach even though most of these fluid compartments do not exist as discrete real fluid collections.
The water in bone and dense connective tissue and the transcellular fluids is significant in amount but is mobilised much more slowly then the other components of the ECF. The remaining parts of the ECF are called the functional ECF. The ratio of ICF to ECF is 55:45.
The functional ECF is more important when considering the effects of acute fluid interventions and the ratio of ICF to functional ECF is 55:27.5 (which is 2:1). (See Section 8.1 for discussion of acute fluid infusions).
Simply multiply the maintenance fluid requirements (cc/hr) times the amount of time since the patient took PO intake. Estimated maintenance requirements follow the 4/2/1 rule: 4 cc/kg/hr for the first 10 kg, 2 cc/kg/hr for the second 10 kg, and 1 cc/kg/hr for every kg above 20.
The reality is that fluids can be harmful, and should only be given when they are expected to produce some benefit. Management of fluids such that stroke volume is optimized is an extremely well-validated approach that has been shown repeatedly to reduce morbidity [Hamilton MA et al. Anesth Analg 112: 1392, 2011; Gurgel ST and do Nascimento P Jr. Anesth Analg 112: 1384, 2011]. In fact, esophageal Doppler monitoring (EDM) was recently endorsed by the National Health Service as a rational alternative to central venous pressure monitoring in patients undergoing major surgery. A promising alternative to EDM is optimization of respiratory variation, although it is not as well validated.
The maintenance fluid calculator was derived in 1957 by Holliday and Segar for the pediatric population but has persisted in use for both adults and pediatric patients to date. It was derived based on estimated energy expenditure amongst sicker children admitted to hospitals. The formula is based off of the assumption that hospitalized patients have greater energy expenditure and determines fluid requirements based on weight alone (a proxy for energy expenditure in a non-linear relationship).
SF Fig. 2.1.1. A world map showing human population density in 2011. Darker colors indicate countries with a higher population density. Numbers on the legend indicate number of people per square kilometer (km2). All countries smaller than 20,000 km2 are represented by a dot.
I am creating a navigation bar that has a full width layout, I have created the container-fluid class acting as the navigation wrapper and within is the row class followed by the columns.... as far as I'm aware, this is the correct structure of bootstrap, yet I am getting a margin to both the left and right.
Thanks for your help - The issue was jointly that the col-XX-XX was not a child of the container-fluid, also the header_category_icon & header_search_icon did not need child classes, they could be instead be within the col class like this:
The FSI is given by the nonpenetration and nonslippery conditions:where and are the th component of the solid and fluid domain displacements, respectively, and the equilibrium equations at the fluid-solid interphase are where the superscripts of the stress tensors refer to solid and fluid, respectively.
The FE model of the ureter was subjected to the following loads: intra-abdominal pressure applied on the outer surface of the ureteral wall by loose connective tissue and the organs surrounding the ureter, UPJ pressure, exerted by urine in the renal pelvis, and VUJ pressure, which is the fluid pressure in the bladder.
The distributions of radial, circumferential, and longitudinal stresses in the ureteral walls are shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The radial stress at the interface is equal in both domains due to equilibrium and so its distribution reflects the fluid pressure distribution. These radial stresses are compressive with their maximum absolute value near the UPJ, except for the urine-ureter interface. The radial stresses are very uniform.
As with all gases and liquids in nature (weather fronts, sea and air currents, etc.), crude oil in the reservoir flows from locations of high pressure (the interior of the reservoir) to locations of low pressure (production wells). It is this pressure differential that is the driving force for fluid flow and production from wells. To start our discussion on fluid movement, we will begin with a discussion of the Drive Mechanisms in an oil reservoir. Drive mechanisms are the physical phenomena that occur in the reservoir that help to keep the reservoir pressures high.
There are five drive mechanisms that are associated with the Primary Production (production that occurs without any pressure maintenance supplied by fluid injection or by use of chemical, miscible, or thermal enhanced recovery methods) of a crude oil reservoir. These are:
Rock and fluid expansion occur due to the slightly compressible nature of crude oil, Interstitial (or Connate) Water, and reservoir rock. Interstitial, or connate, water is the initial water saturation in the reservoir at discovery. In Lesson 3, we saw that as pressure is reduced the compressibility of the rock and fluids (Equation 3.17, Equation 3.26, Equation 3.30, and Equation 3.43a) causes the volumes of the oil and water to expand and the pore-volume to shrink (equivalent to the rock grain volume expanding). All of these phenomena cause the pressure to remain higher than it would otherwise have been had they not been occurring (engineering analysis would indicate that if the fluids are expanding and the pore-volume is shrinking, then the in-situ fluids will be displaced to areas of low pressure).
We can think of rock and fluid expansion with the simple analogy of a water (or oil) filled balloon. If we fill the balloon with water, then the size of the balloon increases due to the increased pressure required to force the water into the balloon. In addition, if we pinch down on the balloon opening, then the water would remain in place inside of the balloon. In this example, the pore-volume in the reservoir is analogous to the water filled space in the balloon and the in-place fluid is the high-pressure water. Now, if we were to release the balloon opening to the low pressure atmosphere, then the pore-volume in the balloon would shrink and, to a lesser extent, the water inside the balloon would increase. These two effects cause the water to flow out of the balloon to the atmosphere. One conceptual issue with this analogy is the highly compressible nature of the rubber balloon. In a reservoir, the rock grains are many orders of magnitude less than the compressibility of rubber. Consequently, the flow of fluids from a hydrocarbon reservoir will not be as dramatic as that presented in this example. 59ce067264
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