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To access your Medicare Dental Benefits, members can view the Humana Medicare Advantage Benefit Descriptions to locate the benefits listed under their DEN number. Each dental plan can be identified by its unique 3-digit dental (DENxxx), which is found on the back of your Humana Medicare Advantage member ID card.
A total of 69,398 transcriptome assembled contigs (TACs), amounting to 43 Mb in total, were identified using pearl millet transcriptome sequences from two different studies16,17 and a new pearl millet transcriptome assembly generated for this study (Supplementary Table 8). Ab initio homology-based gene prediction were combined with transcript assembly to infer a non-redundant set of 38,579 gene models with an average transcript size of 2,420 bp and an average coding sequence of 1,014 bp (Table 1; Supplementary Table 9). The average lengths of mRNA, CDS, introns and exons in pearl millet were similar to those reported for other cereal genomes (Supplementary Fig. 8). Among 458 of the most conserved genes in CEGMA, 437 (95.4%) genes were complete but 8 (1.7%) genes were not found in the genome sequence, 8 (1.7%) genes were not included in the gene set, and 5 (1.1%) genes had more than one copy (possibly fragmented genes). In addition, for 956 genes in benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCO) analysis, we annotated 96.7% genes, and 95.4% of these are complete. Gene models of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana have been annotated and carefully validated. We chose to use the gene models of rice, which is more closely related to pearl millet than A. thaliana, to investigate the completeness of pearl millet genes. Of the 4,202 single-copy genes in rice, 90.86% have homologs in pearl millet, and 86% of these pearl millet genes were complete when compared with rice gene models (ratio of pearl millet length/rice length 0.8), reflecting the completeness of single-copy genes. Gene density increased toward the ends of pseudomolecules (Fig. 1), consistent with findings in all other cereal genomes published to date11,14,15. Most of the annotated genes coded for proteins with homology to proteins in SwissProt18 (55.61%) and InterPro (ref. 19) (65.53%). Functions were assigned to 27,893 (72.30%) genes, leaving 10,686 (27.70%) genes unannotated (Supplementary Table 10).
Expansion and contraction of gene families between species might also highlight differences in bioinformatics analysis carried out for different genomes. Bias in gene model identification among different studies might render a comparison of expansion or contraction challenging. One potential source of bias is if a gene is split, that is, a complete gene is instead annotated as two separate genes. Based on eukaryotic orthologous gene sequences, we estimate that 2.3% of our genes might have been misannotated in this way (Supplementary Table 6). Although we found that 1,692 families were contracted in pearl millet, contraction is 5.4 times more likely than expansion. One explanation may be that there was a far higher proportion of split genes in the reference genomes of the other species that we use for comparison than in our pearl millet assembly. This would make our number of gene family contractions an overestimate.
Domestication in pearl millet, like that observed in maize24, was associated with profound modifications of spike morphology and plant architecture (Fig. 3c). We found several genomic regions that showed reduced diversity in the cultivated (but not wild) species that may harbor genes selected for during domestication. Using a negative log ratio of diversity between cultivated (red) and wild (blue) samples, values close to 1 indicate a tenfold decrease in diversity whereas